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Another essential element in understanding research method is the ability to explore what is a theory and concept in any particular research and study. Ary, Jacobs and Sorensen (2010) mentioned that theories are a good source of problems for research.

A theory may be defined set of interrelated statements, principles, and propositions that specify the relationships among variables. This means that a theory or concept for a particular research should clearly explain what the research will covers during the study.

Ary, Jacobs and Sorensen (2010) had outlined five essential characteristics of a good theory for a research study:

1. It should be testable. It should be lead ability to be predicted through empirical observation. if the theory cannot be tested, it serves no useful purpose;
2. A good theory is not only testable but also falsifiable. Means that it is capable of being proven wrong and it is possible to gather evidence that contradicts the theory;
3.  A good theory deals with some significant phenomenon or behavior that needs explanation, such as learning or motivation;
4.  A good theory provides the simplest, clearest, and most plausible explanation for the phenomenon. It should be able to explain the largest number of facts with the smallest number of principles; and
5. A good theory has internal consistency and do not contradict with propositions. It should be useful for predicting what might happen for certain situation.

A theory and concept also may be understood as what should be a guideline for a particular research to investigate in term of its conceptual analysis. It can be from various perspectives that related to the problem statement.

Reference and suggested reading:

Ary, D., Jacobs L.C., Sorensen C.K, (2010). Introduction to Research in Education. Eighth Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company;

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